The Other Slavery Read Online Free

of Native Americans was also dependent on environmental factors such as malnutrition or the chaos generated by European colonization. Jones, “Virgin Soils Revisited,” William and Mary Quarterly 60:4 (October 2003), 703–742.
    11. This is an aspect of Indian slavery that has received a great deal of scholarly attention. Some of the key works in this regard include Carl Coke Rister, Border Captives: The Traffic in Prisoners by Southern Plains Indians, 1835–1875 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1940); L. R. Bailey, Indian Slave Trade in the Southwest (New York: Tower Publications, 1966); David M. Brugge, Navajos in the Catholic Church Records of New Mexico, 1694–1875 (Tsaile, AZ: Navajo Community College Press, 1985); Knack, Boundaries Between; James F. Brooks, Captives and Cousins: Slavery, Kinship, and Community in the Southwest Borderlands (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002); Ned Blackhawk, Violence over the Land: Indians and Empires in the Early American West (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006); Pekka Hämäläinen, The Comanche Empire (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008); Brian DeLay, War of a Thousand Deserts: Indian Raids and the U.S . -Mexican War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008); Lance R. Blyth, Chiricahua and Janos: Communities of Violence in the Southwestern Borderlands, 1680–1880 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2012); Joaquín Rivaya-Martínez, “Captivity and Adoption Among the Comanche Indians, 1700–1875” (Ph.D. diss., UCLA, 2006); Matthew M. Babcock, “Turning Apaches into Spaniards: North America’s Forgotten Indian Reservations” (Ph.D. diss., Southern Methodist University, 2008); and Paul Conrad, “Captive Fates: Displaced American Indians in the Southwest Borderlands, Mexico, and Cuba, 1500–1800” (Ph.D. diss., University of Texas at Austin, 2011).
    12. For the variability of contemporary forms of bondage, see Louise Shelley, Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), passim. Several authors have alluded to the multiple forms of bondage that characterized European-Indian relations in North America. For instance, see Juliana Barr, “From Captives to Slaves: Commodifying Indian Women in the Borderlands,” Journal of American History 92:1 (June 2005), 19–44. Joseph C. Miller has similarly argued that attempting to pigeonhole African slavery as “an institution” has been counterproductive and that historians would be better served by viewing slavery as a process.Miller, The Problem of Slavery as History: A Global Approach (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), passim.
     
    1. CARIBBEAN DEBACLE
     
    1. The quotes are from Bartolomé de Las Casas, The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 27; and Christopher Columbus, The Four Voyages (New York: Penguin, 1969), 56, 92. The population debates have generated a large literature. For a comprehensive, if dated, introduction, see William M. Denevan, ed., The Native Population of the Americas in 1492 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976). For the best recent treatments with a focus on the Caribbean, see Massimo Livi Bacci, “Return to Hispaniola: Reassessing a Dem-ographic Catastrophe,” Hispanic American Historical Review 83:1 (2003), 3–51; and Noble David Cook, “Sickness, Starvation, and Death in Early Hispaniola,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 32:3 (Winter 2002), 349–386.
    2. Alfred W. Crosby, “Virgin Soil Epidemics as a Factor in the Aboriginal Depopulation in America,” William and Mary Quarterly 33 (April 1976), 289.
    3. Las Casas, The Devastation of the Indies, 12–13; King Ferdinand to Diego Colón, Seville, July 21, 1511, Archivo General de Indias (hereafter cited as AGI), Indiferente, 418, L. 3, F. 92v–93. Friar Toribio de Benavente considered Las Casas “tempestuous, argumentative, short-tempered, offensive, and harmful.” Yet his own