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laboratory of
    of Psychiatry .
    Diseases of the Nervous
    hysteria involves
    psychodiagnosis .
    System .
    dissociation and
    splitting of the
    personality.
    Meanwhile, the mysterious nature
    developed in distinct ways in
    establishment of a scientific
    of the mind was popularized by the
    the different centers: in Germany,
    methodology for studying the
    discovery of hypnosis, prompting
    psychologists such as Wundt,
    mind, in much the same way that
    more serious scientists to consider
    Hermann Ebbinghaus, and Emil
    physiology and related disciplines
    that there was more to the mental
    Kraepelin took a strictly scientific
    studied the body. For the first time,
    life than immediately apparent
    and experimental approach to the
    the scientific method was applied
    conscious thought. These scientists
    subject; while in the US, William
    to questions concerning perception,
    set out to examine the nature of the
    James and his followers at Harvard
    consciousness, memory, learning,
    “unconscious,” and its influence on
    adopted a more theoretical and
    and intelligence, and its practices
    our thinking and behavior.
    philosophical approach. Alongside
    of observation and experimentation
    these areas of study, an influential
    produced a wealth of new theories.
    The birth of psychology
    school of thought was growing in
    Although these ideas often
    Against this background, the
    Paris around the work of neurologist
    came from the introspective study
    modern science of psychology
    Jean-Martin Charcot, who had used
    of the mind by the researcher, or
    emerged. In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt
    hypnosis on sufferers of hysteria.
    from highly subjective accounts by
    founded the very first laboratory
    The school attracted psychologists
    the subjects of their studies, the
    of experimental psychology at
    such as Pierre Janet, whose ideas
    foundations were laid for the next
    Leipzig University in Germany,
    of the unconscious anticipated
    generation of psychologists at the
    and departments of psychology
    Freud’s psychoanalytic theories.
    turn of the century to develop a
    also began to appear in universities
    The final two decades of the
    truly objective study of mind and
    across Europe and the US. Just as
    19th century saw a rapid rise in
    behavior, and to apply their own
    philosophy had taken on certain
    the importance of the new science
    new theories to the treatment of
    regional characteristics, psychology
    of psychology, as well as the
    mental disorders. ■

    18
    THE FOUR
    TEMPERAMENTS
    OF PERSONALITY
    GALEN (C.129–C.201 CE)
    IN CONTEXT
    All things are combinations
    APPROACH
    of four basic elements :
    T he Roman philosopher and
    physician Claudius Galen
    formulated a concept of
    personality types based on the
    earth, air, fire, and water.
    Humorism
    ancient Greek theory of humorism,
    BEFORE
    which attempted to explain the
    workings of the human body.
    c.400 BCE Greek physician
    The roots of humorism go back
    Hippocrates says that the
    The qualities of these
    to Empedocles (c.495–435 BCE), a
    qualities of the four elements
    elements can be found in four
    Greek philosopher who suggested
    are reflected in body fluids.
    corresponding humors
    that different qualities of the four
    c.325 BCE Greek philosopher
    (fluids) that affect the
    basic elements—earth (cold and
    Aristotle names four sources
    functioning of our bodies.
    dry), air (warm and wet), fire (warm
    of happiness: sensual ( hedone ),
    and dry), and water (cold and
    material ( propraietari ), ethical
    wet)—could explain the existence of
    ( ethikos ), and logical ( dialogike ).
    all known substances. Hippocrates
    (460–370 BCE), the “Father of
    These humors also affect our
    AFTER
    Medicine,” developed a medical
    emotions and behavior—our
    1543 Anatomist Andreas
    model based on these elements,
    “temperaments.”
    Vesalius publishes On the
    attributing their qualities to four
    Fabric of the Human Body in
    fluids within the body. These fluids
    Italy . It illustrates Galen’s errors
    were